SURVEY OF VIRAL DISEASES OF PACIFIC WHITE SHRIMP, Litopenaeus vannamei IN INDONESIA
Abstract: Penaeid shrimp
culture is a major contributor to foreign exchange earning in Indonesia. It has
significant impact on economic development of fisheries sector, and leads to be
one of prime mover to improve social prosperity. However, shrimp industry
particularly black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) has been facing unpredictable
situation due to disease problem. The main constrain in correlation to the
development of shrimp industry is disease outbreak, especially caused by viral
agents. White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV) occurred in 1994, causing mass
mortality of black tiger shrimp almost in all of the middle and western part of
Indonesia. Due to the disease problem, it is estimated that in year 2000, more
than 50% of shrimp pond were idle. Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei)
or “udang vanamei” was introduced to Indonesia at the end of 1999, and released
officially in July, 2001. Response of shrimp farmers to the shrimp rapidly
accepted and distributed to many provinces in the country. At the end of 2006,
distribution of white shrimp culture was encountered in more than 15 provinces.
The seeds are mainly produced from hatcheries located in East Java and Lampung.
The information of TSV in Indonesia was reported firstly from East Java at the
end of 2002, without a clear history. Since then, survey of TSV distribution
was conducted intensively in white shrimp production areas. Beside TSV,
population of white shrimp coming to Indonesia also susceptible to White Spot
Syndrome Virus (WSSV) and Infectious Hypodermal and Hematopoietic Necrosis
Virus (IHHNV) infection. A survey with the aim to know significant viral
diseases of white shrimp is needed to set up an alternative strategy to control
them. The survey was conducted, firstly in the main production centers of white
shrimp; and planned to be continued throughout the country. Samples collection,
diagnostic method and data compiled in this study were collected from both
active and passive surveillance. Diagnosis of viral diseases infecting white
shrimp in this study was focused on TSV, WSSV, and IHHNV agents. Polymerase
Chain Reaction (PCR) test has been used as a major diagnostic technique in this
study. Progress report of the study showed that TSV spreading limited in
controlled areas. The study proved that WSSV and IHHNV have been found in
cultured white shrimp. All of the diseases mentioned above tend to be a
significant constrain of future white shrimp industry in Indonesia, and special
attention should be given in order to protect wide-spread of particular disease
from infected to uninfected ones. Also, briefly current status of white shrimp
culture development in the country will be discussed in this paper.
Keywords: viral diseases;
Pacific white shrimp; disease problem
Author: Taukhid, Hambali
Supriyadi, Isti Koesharyani
Journal Code: jpperikanangg080007
